Artículos
Delitos de venganza y odio entre adolescentes brasileños y mexicanos: prevalencia y factores asociados
Publicado
13-11-2025
Resumen
Este estudio se inscribe en el marco del International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD4), con datos de 4.558 adolescentes de entre 13 y 17 años de Brasil y México. Desde una perspectiva transcultural, se estimó la prevalencia de delitos declarados motivados por la venganza y el odio. Además, se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística con selección de variables por método stepwise para testar los efectos de variables psicológicas y sociales, así como de la victimización, en la probabilidad de cometer tales delitos. Las tasas de prevalencia fueron bajas, pero destacó el discurso de odio en línea, con una tasa superior al 6%. La variable psicológica más frecuentemente relacionada fue una actitud pro-venganza, seguida de un bajo autocontrol. Las variables sociales más destacadas refieren a problemas en la familia (desestructuración, conflictos y abuso/victimización). Ser mexicano contribuyó a disminuir las probabilidades de estar implicado en portación de armas y agresión, pero aumentó las probabilidades de participar en el discurso de odio en línea al considerar las victimizaciones. En conjunto, los datos apoyan en gran medida las propuestas de la Teoría General de la Tensión.
Palabras clave:
Venganza, Crímenes de odio, Adolescentes, ISRD4, LatinoaméricaReferencias
Agnew, R. (1990). Adolescent Resources and Delinquency. Criminology, 28(4), 535 - 566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01338.x
Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 319-361.
Agnew, R. (2015). Using General Strain Theory to Explain Crime in Asian Societies. Asian Criminology, 10, 131-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-014-9198-2
Andrews, D. A., & Dowden, C. (2006). Risk principle of case classification in correctional treatment: A meta-analytic investigation. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50, 88-100.
Araújo, P. I. de O. (2024). Massacres enquanto signos de poder: A governança criminal por Los Zetas em Tamaulipas, México. SciELO Preprints. https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.9888
Asif, M., Fazal, H., Sarfaraz, M., & Ul Hassan, A. (2024). Investigating the Moderators in the Relationship Between Righteous Anger and Support for Lynching. Asian Journal of Criminology, 19, 573-592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-024-09444-y
Bazon, M. R., & Komatsu, A. V. (2023). Desenvolvimento Social e da Personalidade e os Diferentes Padrões de Conduta Infracional na Adolescência. Editorial Pedro & João.
Burnette, J. L., Davisson, E. K., Finkel, E. J., Van Tongeren, D. R., Hui, C. M., & Hoyle, R. H. (2013). Self-Control and Forgiveness: A Meta-Analytic Review. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613502991
Caetano, L. A. O., & Bazon, M. R. (2023). Ato Infracional na Adolescência: Revisão Integrativa dos Estudos na Perspectiva da Teoria Geral da Tensão. Cadernos de Psicologia, 3, p. 01-21.
Castellanos, M., Wettstein, A., Wachs, S., Kansok-Dusche, J., Ballaschk, C., Krause, N., & Bilz, L. (2023) Hate speech in adolescents: A binational study on prevalence and demographic differences. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1076249. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1076249
Chavira, D. A., Ponting, C., & Ramos, G. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on child and adolescent mental health and treatment considerations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 157, 104169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2022.104169
Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Aiken, L., & West, S. G. (1999). The problem of units and the circumstance for POMP. Multivariate behavioral research, 34(3), 315-346.
Collyer, C. E., Johnson, K. L., de Mesquita, P. B., Palazzo, L. A., & Jordan, D. (2010). Sensitivity to Violence Measured by Ratings of Severity Increases after Nonviolence Training. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110(1), 48-60. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.110.1.48-60
Copeland-Linder, N., Johnson S. B., Haynie, D. L., Chung, S. E., & Cheng, T. L. (2012). Retaliatory attitudes and violent behaviors among assault-injured youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(3), 215-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.04.005
Cota-McKinley, A. L., Woody, W. D., & Bell, P. A. (2001). Vengeance: Effects of gender, age, and religious background. Aggressive Behavior, 27(5), 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.1019
Craig, J. M., Wilson, A. D., Baglivo, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Piquero, A. R. & Epps, N. (2018). Why they did it? Sex differences in the impact of mental health and substance use on motivations for offending. Crime & Delinquency, 64(6), 723-757. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128717718489
Craig, K. M. (2002). Examining hate-motivated aggression: A review of the social psychological literature on hate crimes as a distinct form of aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7, 85–101.
Díaz, A. F. (2019). A zona cinza: ordem criminosa e autodefesa armada no México. Tempo Social, 31(1), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2019.141533
DiBlasi, T., Wydo, M., & Smith, K. (2024). An exploratory analysis of vengeful episodes in prisoners. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 930–944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-024-00555-0
Erofeeva, M. A., Grinenko, A. V., Stanovova, L. A., Kosolapova, N. V., Mikhaylovsky, M. N., Rybina, I. A., & Kochetkov, I. G. (2019). Motivation and motives of juvenile delinquents. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 13, 135-140.
Erzar, T. (2024). Expressing Anger and Hatred Online: Effects, Consequences, Motivations and the Limits of Apparent Connectedness. Theological Quarterly, 84(4), 945-953. https://doi.org/10.34291/BV2024/04/Erzar
Farrington, D. P. (1993). Motivations for conduct disorder and delinquency. Development and Psychopathology, 5(1-2), 225-241.
Farrington, D. P. (2003). Developmental and Life-Course Criminology: Key Theoretical and Empirical Issues - The 2002 Sutherland Award Address. Criminology, 41(2), 221-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00987.x
Fisher, J. (2024). The Culture of Hate. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 12, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2024.127001
Gadagnoto, T. C., Mendes, L. M. C., Monteiro, J. C. S., Gomes-Sponholz, F. A. & Barbosa, N. G. (2022). Emotional consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents: Challenges to public health. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 56, e20210424. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2021-0424.
Gudjonsson, G. H., & Sigurdsson, J. F. (2004). Motivation for offending and personality. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 9(1), 69-81
Gudjonsson, G. H. & Sigurdsson, J. F. (2007). Motivation for offending and personality. A study among young offenders on probation. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.003
Gun Violence Archive. (2023). Gun violence archive. https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/
Hall, M., & Hearn, J. (2017). Revenge pornography: Gender, sexuality and motivations. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315648187
Hessick, C. B. (2006). Motive’s role in criminal punishment. Southern California Law Review, 80(1), 89–149.
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press
International Monetary Fund (2024). Crime and violence in Lati America and the Caribbean: Facts, costs, and policy options. IMF. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400288470.087
Jackson, J. C., Choi, V. K., & Gelfand, M. J. (2019). Revenge: A multilevel review and synthesis. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103305
Jahnke, S., Schröder, C. P., Goede, L.-R., Lehmann, L., Hauff, L., & Beelmann, A. (2020). Observer sensitivity and early radicalization to violence among young people in Germany. Social Justice Research, 33(3), 308–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-020-00351-y
Jiménez-Díaz, O., & Del Rey, R. (2025). Cyberhate in adolescents and youths: A systematic review of labels and associated factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 81, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2024.102023
Kivivuori, J., Savolainen, J., & Aaltonen, M. (2016). The revenge motive in delinquency: Prevalence and predictors. Acta Sociologica, 59(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699315607969
Koegl, C., & Farrington, D. P. (2021). Advancing Knowledge about Motivations for Criminal Offending. Victims & Offenders, 17, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2021.1895940
Latinobarómetro. (2023). Latinobarómetro 2023: Percepción de la democracia en América Latina. https://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp
Le Clercq, J. & Cháidez, A. (2024). Índice Global de Impunidad 2024. Midiendo el alcance de la impunidad global. Universidad de las Américas Puebla.
Leblanc, M. (2003). La conduite délinquante des adolescents: son développement et son explication En Leblanc, M. & Ouimet, M. et Szabo, D. Traité de criminologie empirique. Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 2003, 779.
Levin, J. & McDevitt, J. (2022). Hate crimes. In L. R. Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of violence, peace, & conflict (3rd ed., pp. 28-34). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820195-4.00040-6
Lowe, C. C., Ellonen, N., Lee Miller, B., & Peltonen, K. (2020). Best Served Cold: Vengeful Attitudes and Violence among Finnish Adolescents. Deviant Behavior, 43(2), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2020.1789379
Marshall, I. H., Birkbeck, C., Enzmann, D., Kivivuori, J., Markina, A., & Steketee, M. (2022). International Self-Report Delinquency (ISRD4) Study Protocol: Background, Methodology, and Mandatory Items for the 2021/2022 Survey. (ISRDTechnicalReport#4), Northeastern University, Boston, MA.
Marshall, I. H., Enzmann, D., Hough, M., Killias, M., Kivivuori, J., & Steketee, M. (2015). Youth victimization and reporting to police: First results from the third round of the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD3) (Vol. 3). ISRD3 Technical Report Series. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281411530_Youth_Victimization_and_Reporting_to_Police_First_Results_from_the_Third_Round_of_the_International_Self-Report_Delinquency_Study_ISRD3
McGaughey, K., Delaney, R., McGlinchey, E., Hanna, D., & Armour, C. (2025). The Psychosocial and Contextual Predictors of Revenge Desire and Attitudes in Crime Victims: A Scoping Review. Psychological Reports, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941241313032
Mendoza, M. (2022). The Tyranny of Narco-Power: Political Rule and Austere Domination in Michoacán, Mexico. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, 26(3-4), 408-426. https://doi-org.wdg.biblio.udg.mx:8443/10.1111/jlca.12579
Ministério dos Direitos Humanos e da Cidadania (MDHC). (2023). Relatório de Recomendações para o Enfrentamento do Discurso de Ódio e o Extremismo no Brasil. Brasília. Disponível em: GOV.BR https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2023/julho/mdhc-entrega-relatorio-com-propostas-para-enfrentar-o-discurso-de-odio-e-o-extremismo-no-brasil. Accessed on: 18/03/2025.
Näsi, M., Aaltonen, M., & Kivivuori, J. (2016). Youth hate crime offending: the role of strain, social control and self-control theories. Journal of Scandinavian StudieS in criminology and crime Prevention, 2016, 17(2), 177–184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14043858.2016.1260332
Olecká, I., Pospisil, J., Trochtová, L., & Pospíšilová, H. (2022). Social Networking as Leisure: An Attempt to Conceptualize Liquid Leisure. Sustainability, 14(9), 5483. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095483
Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). (2020). Relatório sobre o Desenvolvimento Humano 2020. Disponível em: https://hdr.undp.org/es/content/informe-sobre-desarrollo-humano-2020
Osgood, D. W., & Anderson, A. L. (2004). Unstructured socializing and rates of delinquency. Criminology, 42(3), 519-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00528.x
Peterle, C. F., Fonseca, C. L., Freitas, B. H. B. M., Gaíva, M. A. M., Diogo, P. M. J., & Bortolini, J. (2022). Emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents in the context of COVID-19: A mixed method study. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 30(spe), e3745. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6273.3745
Petrosyan, A. (2025). Daily time spent online worldwide 2024. In: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1380282/daily-time-spent-online-global/
Putniņš, A. L. (2010). An exploratory study of young offenders’ self-reported reasons for offending. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 21(6), 950–965. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00322.x
Sarsfield, R., Moncagatta, P., & Roberts, K. M. (2024). Introduction: The New Polarization in PutniņšLatin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 66(2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2024.15
Simões, R. (2024). Género, violência e ódio online: Conceitos e representações. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2334-4
Smith, L., López Sánchez, G. F., Oh, H., Jacob, L., Kostev, K., Rahmati, M., Butler, L., Keyes, H., Barnett, Y., Yon, D. K., Shin, J. I., & Koyanagi, A. (2024). Temporal Trends of Physical Fights and Physical Attacks Among Adolescents Aged 12-15 years From 30 Countries From Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Journal of Adolescent Health, 74(5), 996-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.12.005.
Tararukhin, S. A. (1974). Criminal behavior Social and psychological traits. Moscow: “Legal literature”.
Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski W. (2004). The final report and findings of the safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. United States Secret Service and United States Department of Education.
Walters, B. (2023). The Future of Free Speech. Palgrave Macmillan.
Walters, G. D. (2015). Antisocial cognition and criminal thinking: Theoretical interpretations and biosocial implications. In M. DeLisi & M. G. Vaughn (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of biosocial criminology (pp. 516–529). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Winter, D. G., John, O. P., Stewart, A. J., Klohnen, E. C., & Duncan, L. E. (1998). Traits and motives: Toward an integration of two traditions in personality research. Psychological Review, 105, 230-250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.230
World Bank Group. (2020). Violence and Development. Disponível em: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/violence-and-development
World Justice Project (2024). Rule of Law Index. https://worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/
World Population Review (2025, March 24). Gini Coefficient by Country 2025. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/gini-coefficient-by-country
Categorías
Cómo citar
Agencias de apoyo
- FAPESP
Descargas
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Marina Rezende Bazon, Áurea E. Grijalva-Eternod, Caio dos Santos de Andrade, Maria Laura Polizeli Spagnollo, Vinicius Frayze David
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.